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Stanisław Jerzy Lec ((:staˈɲiswaf ˈjɛʐɨ lɛts); 6 March 1909 – 7 May 1966), born Baron Stanisław Jerzy de Tusch-Letz, was a Polish poet and aphorist. Often mentioned among the greatest writers of post-war Poland, he was one of the more influential aphorists on the 20th century, known for lyrical poetry and skeptical philosophical-moral aphorisms, often with a political subtext. ==Biography== Son of the Baron Benon de Tusch-Letz and Adela Safrin, he was born on 6 March 1909 in Lviv (then Lemberg, Austro-Hungarian Empire) to a Galician-Jewish gentry family.〔Stanisław Jerzy Lec" (in English) on the Wirtualny Sztetl portal ((read online). )〕〔 The family moved to Vienna at the onset of First World War, and Lec received his early education there. After the war the family returned to Lviv (then Lwów in the Second Polish Republic) to continue his schooling at the Lemberg Evangelical School. In 1927 he matriculated at Lwów's Jan Kazimierz University in Polish language and law. His literary debut was in 1929.〔〔 Much of his early work was lyrical poetry appearing in left-wing and communist magazines.〔〔 He collaborated with the communist “Dziennik Popularny" between 1933 and 1936.〔 In 1935 he co-founded satirical magazine ''Szpilki'' (Pins).〔 A "literary cabaret" he founded there in collaboration with Leon Pasternak in 1936 was closed by the authorities after several performances.〔 Nor did his law-abiding image improve after he took part in the Convention of Culture Workers, a radical congress initiated by the international communist movement Popular Front on the same year.〔 Later that year he spent few months in Romania, afraid that his activism could led to his arrest in Poland.〔 He spent the next two years in Warsaw, collaborating with a number of others left-leaning publication outlets.〔 Following German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939, Lec fled Warsaw, returning to his hometown, Lwów.〔 Lec spent the years 19391941 there, while the city along with the rest of Polish Eastern Borderlands was occupied by the Soviet Union after the latter country's attack on Poland on 17 September 1939. While in Soviet Union, Lec joined in the literary life under the auspices of the Ukr.SSR authorities. He collaborated with the “New Horizons” magazine. His poems, satires, articles, and translations from Russian were published in ”Krasnoe Znamya” magazine. In 1940 he joined the Union of Soviet Writers of Ukraine. and became a member of the editorial board of “The Literary Almanac” in Lvov. Through this and similar activities he became known as one of the most prolific Polish pro-Soviet writers, producing numerous works praising the Soviet regime.〔 including one of the first, if not the first, "poems" to glorify Stalin ever written in the Polish language.〔''Pisarze polsko-żydowscy XX wieku: przybliżenia'', ed. M. Dąbrowski & A. Molisak, Warsaw, Dom Wydawniczy Elipsa, 2006, p. 282. ISBN 8371517505.〕 A number of his works appeared in the ''Czerwony Sztandar'' (Red Banner) magazine.〔 On 19 November 1939 Lec signed a resolution calling for the incorporation of Polish Eastern Borderlands into the territory of the Soviet Union. Lec collaboration with the Soviet authorities remains controversial to this day, through he has been defended by Adam Michnik who wrote in his 2007 book that Lec has been unfairly branded by critical opinion as a "Soviet collaborator" on the basis of "the weakest, least successful, or most frankly conformist pieces". After Nazi Germany's attack on the Soviet Union he was imprisoned in a German work camp in Ternopol,〔 from which he made several attempts to escape. He received a death sentence for his second attempt to escape, but managed to successfully escape in 1943 again after killing his guard with a shovel when taken to dig his own grave.〔http://www.livelib.ru/author/116562〕〔"ПОЧТИ ВСЕ" Collected Works of S.J. Lec, preface p.21, U-Factoria Ed. 2005〕 This became the subject of оne of his most famous poems "He who had dug his own grave" (from the cycle "To Abel and Cain"): He who had dug his own grave looks attentively at the gravedigger's work, but not pedantically: for this one digs a grave not for himself.〔http://www.quotat.info/stanislav-ezhi-lec/〕 After that he participated in partisan warfare within the communist formations of Polish resistance (the Gwardia Ludowa and the Armia Ludowa),〔 and eventually served in regular units of Polish People's Army until the end of the war, which he finished in the rank of major.〔 He also edited the communist resistance underground newsletter ''Żołnierz w Boju'' (Soldier in Combat) and the communist magazine ''Wolny Lud'' (Free Nation).〔 Lec's wartime service allowed him to obtain a diplomatic post as a cultural attaché in Vienna.〔 Becoming disillusioned with the Communist government he left for Israel in 1950 with his wife, son and daughter. Lec couldn't adapt to the life in Israel and returned to Poland with his son after two years there.〔 His wife and daughter remained in Israel. He moved to a small town where he was in underground during the war and remarried there before returning to Warsaw. At first he worked as a translator,〔 as the Polish communist authorities repressed him by taking away any rights to write or publish until the late 1950s. He was immensely popular and despite anti-communist and anti-totalitarian of his latter works he was given an official state funeral in Warsaw when he died on 7 May 1966.〔 That year he was awarded the Officer cross of "Polonia Restituta".〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Stanisław Jerzy Lec」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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